What is Memory?
This application provides an interactive exploration of human memory, based on established psychological concepts. Memory is the faculty that allows us to retain and recall information over time. It is central to nearly all cognitive processes, including perception, thinking, and problem-solving, and is fundamental to our sense of self.
Psychologists study how information is committed to memory, the mechanisms by which it is retained, the reasons for its loss, and techniques for improvement. This guide breaks down these complex topics into key areas you can explore.
The Three Foundational Processes
All information must pass through three interrelated stages to be successfully remembered. A failure at any stage can result in memory loss.
1. Encoding
The first stage where information is recorded and registered for the first time. External stimuli are received by sensory organs, converted into neural impulses, and represented in a way that the memory system can use.
2. Storage
The second stage. This is the process through which encoded information is retained and held over a period of time so that it can be put to use later.
3. Retrieval
The third stage. This refers to recovering the stored information and bringing it into awareness so it can be used for cognitive tasks like problem-solving or decision-making.
Models of Memory
To understand how memory works, psychologists have proposed several models. These models provide a framework for how information is processed, stored, and retrieved. Select a model below to explore its structure and key concepts.
Types of Memory
Memory is not a single, unitary system. It is composed of distinct types, each with different functions, capacities, and durations. This section explores the hierarchical organization of memory systems. Click on an item in the hierarchy to learn more about it and to reveal its sub-types.
Select a Memory Type
Click an item on the left to see its definition and characteristics.
Forgetting & Memory Flaws
Forgetting is the loss of stored information. The first systematic exploration of memory by Hermann Ebbinghaus revealed that forgetting happens rapidly at first and then levels off. Beyond simple decay, memory can also be distorted or fail due to interference or flawed retrieval processes.
Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve
This chart illustrates the findings of Hermann Ebbinghaus, showing how quickly we forget new, meaningless information. The rate of forgetting is steepest in the first few hours and days.
Why We Forget: Theories & Flaws
Forgetting isn't just about time. Other factors, like interference from other memories or even the way a question is asked, can cause memory failure or distortion. Select a topic to learn more.
Memory Enhancement Strategies
Given that memory is a constructive process and subject to flaws, psychologists have developed strategies, known as mnemonics, to improve it. These techniques help organize information in a way that makes it easier to encode, store, and retrieve. Select a strategy from the list to see how it works.
Choose a Technique:
Select a Mnemonic
Click an item on the left to learn how to use that memory strategy.